28 Nov 2013
26 Nov 2013
22 Nov 2013
Master in epidemiology and Nursing in KMU Peshawar
Khyber Medical University Peshawar offers Master in Nursing (MSN) and Master in Epidemiology.
Last Date: Dec 2, 2013
21 Nov 2013
20 Nov 2013
18 Nov 2013
Muslim female Nurses neede in Madinah Munawwaarah
Female Muslim Nurses with min 2 years experience required in Madina Munawwara , Negotiable attractive salary, free accommodation and food along with other facilities according to Saudi labor Law
17 Nov 2013
14 Nov 2013
9 Nov 2013
Coronary Artery Disease Nursing Care Plans: Acute Pain
Coronary Artery Disease
Nursing Care Plans
Acute Pain
Coronary
artery disease (CAD) is caused by a narrowing of the arteries that supply
the heart muscle with blood. When the arteries narrow, blood flow is
reduced. The reduced blood flow causes the heart muscle to receive less
oxygen than it needs to function properly. When ischemia occurs patients
typically develop angina or chest pain originating from the heart. It has
been described as chest pain or discomfort that has a squeezing or
pressure-like quality, usually felt behind the breastbone (sternum), but
sometimes felt in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaws, or back.
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Objective data:
The pt. May manifest:
ü restlessness
ü pain scale of 9/10
ü chest pain
ü irritability
ü (+) guarded behavior
ü (+) facial grimaces
ü crying
ü v/s change
ü diaphoresis
ü sleep disturbance
ü increase RR and pulse
8 Nov 2013
5 Nov 2013
Sustainable use of groundwater for irrigation: a numerical analysis of the subsoil water fluxes
Irrigation and Drainage1531-0361/asset/cover.gif?v=1&s=5c3f25612203ee58f4c929c5e80e4a9bb9d49993)
Volume 51, Issue 3, pages 227–241, September 2002
Mobin-ud-Din Ahmad1,2,*,
Article first published online: 29 JUL 2002
DOI: 10.1002/ird.59
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atrial fibrillation: ECG
Atrial fibrillation represents disorganized atrial activity without contraction or ejection. The electrocardiogram demonstrates an irregular baseline where the normal P waves are replaced with rapidly quivering small deflection of variable amplitude (f waves - outlined below). An irregularly irregular ventricular rate demonstrating narrow QRS complexes is established between 100 - 160 bpm. Atrial fibrillation is common in patients with rheumatic heart disease, pulmonary emboli, cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, ischemic heart disease and thyrotoxicosis. It causes minimal hemodynamic compromise and often the patient presents complaining of palpitations as the only symptom. Although hemodynamic compromise is minimal, atrial fibrillation is an important risk factor for the development of thromboembolic complications, such as strokes and transient ischemic attacks.
Normal ECG
A normal ECG is illustrated above. Note that the heart is beating in a regular sinus rhythm between 60 - 100 beats per minute (specifically 82 bpm). All the important intervals on this recording are within normal ranges.
1. P wave:
upright in leads I, aVF and V3 - V6
normal duration of less than or equal to 0.11 seconds
polarity is positive in leads I, II, aVF and V4 - V6; diphasic in leads V1 and V3; negative in aVR
shape is generally smooth, not notched or peaked
2. PR interval:
Normally between 0.12 and 0.20 seconds.
3. QRS complex:
Duration less than or equal to 0.12 seconds, amplitude greater than 0.5 mV in at least one standard lead, and greater than 1.0 mV in at least one precordial lead. Upper limit of normal amplitude is 2.5 - 3.0 mV.
small septal Q waves in I, aVL, V5 and V6 (duration less than or equal to 0.04 seconds; amplitude less than 1/3 of the amplitude of the R wave in the same lead).
represented by a positive deflection with a large, upright R in leads I, II, V4 - V6 and a negative deflection with a large, deep S in aVR, V1 and V2
in general, proceeding from V1 to V6, the R waves get taller while the S waves get smaller. At V3 or V4, these waves are usually equal. This is called the transitional zone.
4. ST segment:
isoelectric, slanting upwards to the T wave in the normal ECG
can be slightly elevated (up to 2.0 mm in some precordial leads)
never normally depressed greater than 0.5 mm in any lead
5. T wave:
T wave deflection should be in the same direction as the QRS complex in at least 5 of the 6 limb leads
normally rounded and asymmetrical, with a more gradual ascent than descent
should be upright in leads V2 - V6, inverted in aVR
amplitude of at least 0.2 mV in leads V3 and V4 and at least 0.1 mV in leads V5 and V6
isolated T wave inversion in an asymptomatic adult is generally a normal variant
6. QT interval:
Durations normally less than or equal to 0.40 seconds for males and 0.44 seconds for females.
3 Nov 2013
WHO list of Essential Drugs
According to WHO,
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population, available round the year, in sufficient dosage forms and a price lowest to the community.
Criteria for Selection of Essential Medicines:
Selection of medicines or drugs is based upon;
Disease prevalence
Evidence on efficacy and safety
Comparative cost-effectiveness
Essential Medicines Lists:
WHO has provided some model list of essential medicine lists which has been accepted globally. Currently published WHO essential medicine list was published in 2011. You can download latest updated essential model list of drugs/medicines by clicking following link.
Download WHO Essential Drug Model List 2011
ADULTS — 17th edition (March 2011)
English [pdf 432 kb]
French [pdf 452 kb]
2 Nov 2013
Hockenberry & Wilson: Wong’s Essentials of Pediatric Nursing,
Chapter 1: Perspectives of Pediatric Nursing
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Information about morbidity and mortality
gives the nurse data to identify which of the following?
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a.
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Life-span statistics
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b.
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Effectiveness of treatment
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c.
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Cost-effective treatment for general population
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d.
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High-risk age-groups for certain disorders or hazards
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ANS: D
d. Analysis of these data provides the nurse with
information about which groups of individuals are at risk for which health
problems.
a. This is a part of the mortality data.
b and c. Treatment modalities and cost are not included in
these data.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 8
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
2. From a worldwide perspective, infant
mortality in the United States:
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a.
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is the highest of the other developed nations.
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b.
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lags behind five other developed nations.
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c.
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is the lowest infant death rate of developed nations.
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d.
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lags behind 20 other developed nations.
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ANS: A
a. Although the death rate has decreased, the United States
still ranks last among nations with the lowest infant death rates.
b, c, and d. The United States has the highest infant death
rate of developed nations.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 9
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Assessment
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
3. Which of the following is the leading cause
of death in infants younger than 1 year?
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a.
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Congenital anomalies
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b.
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Sudden infant death syndrome
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c.
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Respiratory distress syndrome
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d.
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Infections specific to the perinatal period
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ANS: A
a. Congenital anomalies account for 20.6% of deaths in
infants younger than 1 year.
b. Sudden infant death syndrome accounts for 7.7% of deaths
in this age-group.
c. Respiratory distress syndrome accounts for 3.6% of
deaths in this age-group.
d. Infections specific to the perinatal period account for
2.9% of deaths in this age-group.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 9
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
4. Which of the following is the leading cause
of death among African-American boys ages 15 to 19 years?
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a.
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Suicide
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b.
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
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c.
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Firearm homicide
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d.
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Occupational injuries
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ANS: C
c. This is the second overall cause of death in this
age-group, but the leading cause of death in African-American males.
a. This is the third leading cause of death in this
population.
b. Although a major health problem, this does not
contribute to a significant death rate in this population.
d. This type of injury does not contribute to a significant
death rate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 9
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
5. Which of the following is the major cause of
death for children older than 1 year?
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a.
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Cancer
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b.
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Infection
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c.
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Unintentional injuries
|
|
d.
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Congenital abnormalities
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ANS: C
c. Unintentional injuries (accidents) are the leading cause
of death after age 1 year through adolescence.
a. This is the leading cause of death in those younger than
1 year and is less significant in this age-group.
b and d. There have been major declines in deaths
attributed to these disorders because of improved therapies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: Page 9
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
6. In addition to injuries, which of the
following are the leading causes of death in adolescents ages 15 to 19 years?
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a.
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Suicide, cancer
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b.
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Suicide, homicide
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c.
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Homicide, heart disease
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d.
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Drowning, cancer
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ANS: B
b. Homicide and suicide account for 22.6% of deaths in this
age-group.
a. Suicide and cancer account for 14.4% of deaths in this
age-group.
c. Homicide and heart disease account for 14.5% of deaths
in this age-group.
d. Drowning and cancer account for 2.8% of deaths in this
age-group.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 9 | Page 10
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
7. Which of the following is the leading cause
of death from unintentional injuries in children?
|
a.
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Poisoning
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b.
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Drowning
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|
c.
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Motor vehicle–related fatalities
|
|
d.
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Fire- and burn-related fatalities
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ANS: C
c. This is the leading cause of death in children, either
as passengers or as pedestrians.
a. Poisoning is the ninth leading cause of death.
b. Drowning is the second leading cause of death.
d. Fire- and burn-related fatalities are the third leading
cause of death.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: Page 10
TOP: Integrated Process: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Area of Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Health and
Wellness
Pakistan: Population growth rate
Population growth rate: 1.551% (2012 est.)
Definition: The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries.
Definition: The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries.
Pakistan Median age
Median age: total: 21.9 years
male: 21.9 years
female: 22 years (2012 est.)
Definition: This entry is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. Currently, the median age ranges from a low of about 15 in Uganda and Gaza Strip to 40 or more in several European countries and Japan. See the entry for "Age structure" for the importance of a young versus an older age structure and, by implication, a low versus a higher median age.
male: 21.9 years
female: 22 years (2012 est.)
Definition: This entry is the age that divides a population into two numerically equal groups; that is, half the people are younger than this age and half are older. It is a single index that summarizes the age distribution of a population. Currently, the median age ranges from a low of about 15 in Uganda and Gaza Strip to 40 or more in several European countries and Japan. See the entry for "Age structure" for the importance of a young versus an older age structure and, by implication, a low versus a higher median age.
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